Empirical models in finance are based on what?

Empirical models in finance are grounded in historically observed behavior. These models use actual data and statistical analysis to identify patterns, relationships, and trends that have occurred in the past. By analyzing historical data, empirical models aim to capture the realities of market behavior and provide insights into how financial assets have performed under various conditions. This data-driven approach allows researchers and practitioners to build models that reflect the complexities of the financial markets, rather than relying solely on theoretical assumptions or predictions.

Historical data enables the development of models that can effectively inform investment strategies or risk management techniques, as they are based on real-world outcomes rather than just theoretical concepts or forecasts that could be uncertain.